Month: January 2025

Coretta Scott King’s Childhood and Education

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Racism in Coretta Scott King’s Childhood

Coretta Scott King was born on April 27, 1927 in Heiberger, Alabama. During her early childhood, her family home had no running water or electricity. Her father Obadiah Scott worked hard to support his family. He always had several jobs going at once, including a barbering business, driving a taxi, and managing a farm. His home eventually made even whites in the area envious.

When Coretta was fifteen, her family’s home burned down. Coretta was convinced that white men were responsible, but the police never investigated. Coretta later wrote that “in the eyes of whites, we were a black family of ‘nobodies.'”

The day after the fire, her father went to work as if nothing happened. For Coretta, the example of her parents showing her how to live with fear but keep going was a lesson she applied for the rest of her life.

Work and Play

Despite racism, Coretta felt she had a mostly happy childhood. Her parents loved her and she loved her siblings Edythe and Obie. The children made their own toys because they couldn’t afford store bought ones. For example, they found an old tire, attached rope, and tied it to a tree to make a swing. They also climbed trees.

From age six, Coretta worked in her family’s fields. The family farm raised corn, peas, potatoes, and garden vegetables. She and her sister also milked cows.

During the Great Depression, she and Edythe worked as hired hands picking cotton in other people’s fields. They each made 60 cents per day which helped pay for their schooling.

Early Education

Coretta’s mother believed in the importance of education for all her children. “I cannot remember a time when I didn’t know I was going to college,” wrote Coretta.

Coretta Scott King, 1964

In Perry County Alabama the public school system separated black and white children. Coretta’s school was one room filled with over 100 children from grades one through six. Just getting to and from school was a challenge. “I saw white children riding yellow-checkered buses to their school, yet, in all kinds of weather, we black children walked three miles to our one-room schoolhouse and three miles back home.” Although they had outdated books and no labs, Coretta’s teachers were good people who “loved us and expected us to excel.”

Fortunately, Coretta’s education improved after sixth grade. She attended Lincoln Normal School which had an integrated faculty. White faculty members cared for their black students. Coretta learned from them that some white people were kind–something she hadn’t experienced before.

Her music teacher introduced Coretta to classical music and told her about black concert performers. Through the encouragement of her teachers, Coretta wondered if she could do something with music when she grew up.

College and Graduate School

In 1945, Coretta followed her sister to Antioch College in Yellow Springs, Ohio. To her dismay, she discovered that her high school education still wasn’t as good as most white students. She persevered, however, and eventually caught up through hard work.

In college Coretta met people of different races, cultures, and religions. She dreamed of a world in which all kinds of people lived in peace together.

Unfortunately, even the North in the 1940s didn’t offer the utopia she wanted. Coretta majored in elementary education with a minor in voice. Her major required her to teach one year in an Antioch private elementary school and one year in a Yellow Springs, Ohio public school. Coretta wasn’t allowed to teach in the Yellow Springs public school because there were no black teachers there. She appealed to various school officials, the school board, and the college administration. Her protests were denied and she had to teach another year in private school.

Even though she wasn’t successful, Coretta’s protests taught her something. “This was the first time I stood publicly against discrimination, and I found that I rather liked making waves and being a catalyst for change,” she said.

Martin Luther King, Jr. and Coretta Scott King, 1966

At the time, Coretta thought she was meant to fight racial discrimination through her music. “I saw myself as a concert singer, paving the way for other blacks.” She received an early acceptance to the New England Conservatory and began her voice studies. During her second semester in Boston, she met a young man named Martin Luther King, Jr. As their relationship became more serious, Coretta wondered if she could sacrifice her musical ambitions to support Martin’s racial justice work.

Sources:

King: A Life by Jonathan Eig

Coretta: My Life, My Love, My Legacy by Coretta Scott King

The Childhood of U.S. President Jimmy Carter

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On October 1, 1924, Jimmy Carter was the first future U.S. president to be born in a hospital. Most women at the time still gave birth at home, but Jimmy’s mother was a registered nurse.

Jimmy’s family lived in Plains, Georgia on South Bond Street. Their neighbors included Edgar and Allie Smith. When the Smith’s daughter Rosalynn was born in 1927, Jimmy went next door to see the baby. That marked the first time Jimmy saw his future wife.

In 1928, Jimmy’s father became a full time farmer. Jimmy and his sisters were raised on a farm two and a half miles from Plains in Archery. The town had a population of around 200 people. At first the farmhouse had no electricity or plumbing. Jimmy’s most vivid memories were of the cold because his room was the farthest from the stove and fireplaces.

Jimmy’s brother Billy wasn’t born until Jimmy turned twelve so he received a lot of attention from his father. He followed his dad around the farm whenever possible. His father encouraged him to earn money at an early age. Jimmy sold peanuts in Plains when he was only five years old. He maintained ten regular customers and also sold to shoppers visiting the town.

Most of Jimmy’s duties on the farm meant working in the field. He chopped cotton and hoed weeds. Jimmy felt restless doing small chores though. He wanted to “escape from the company of other children and women in just hoeing, picking cotton, and shaking peanuts and to graduate to the exalted status of a skilled plowman who could cultivate a crop.” In his father’s opinion, Jimmy never fully reached his goal. He was permitted to break land in the field at age twelve, however. Others viewed it as boring work, “but to me it was a great achievement.”

U.S. President Jimmy Carter, 1977

As Jimmy grew, he especially enjoyed doing carpentry with his dad. “I relished the repair of houses, barns, and storage places, and was eager to help when new farrowing pens were built for our sows and pigs,” Jimmy wrote years later.

In addition to his chores, Jimmy also played on the farm. Since the Carters were the only white family in Archery, his playmates were African American. They made their own toys, such as hoops, slingshots and guns. Even when he started school in Plains, Jimmy felt “more at home” with his black friends. The only rankings among him and the other kids revolved around who caught the biggest fish or performed best in the last baseball game.

At six years old Jimmy attended Plains High School where he had only white classmates. The school was one of the best in the state thanks to its superintendent. She took a special interest in Jimmy and gave him extra reading assignments. Jimmy’s parents also encouraged their children to bring books to the dinner table.

Jimmy was content on the farm, but his parents wanted him to finish high school, go to college, and join the navy. His mother’s youngest brother was in the navy and sent Jimmy souvenirs from countries like Australia and Japan. A naval appointment could only come from a senator or congressman, so Jimmy had to work hard in high school to get good grades. He didn’t receive an appointment when he graduated high school in 1941. Instead, he enrolled in Georgia Southwestern College and became a lab assistant.

The bombing of Pearl Harbor in December 1941 changed Jimmy’s life. After his sophomore year in college, he finally received his appointment and entered the Naval Academy in 1943.

Sources:

Jimmy Carter A Full Life: Reflections at Ninety by Jimmy Carter

Gift of Peace: The Jimmy Carter Story by Elizabeth Raum